个人简介
Prof. Vladimir Vetrov
Prof. Vladimir Vetrov
Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RAS, Russia
标题: TRACE ELEMENTS IN LAKE BAIKAL: CURRENT STATUS, FORECAST AND MONITORING PROBLEMS
摘要: 
The report consists of three parts. 
In Part I “Current status: environmental geochemistry” Lake Baikal is considered from the viewpoint of environmental geochemistry, when assessment of the current status of the Lake should be based on changes in natural (“preindustrial”) chemical content in basic abiotic and biological constituents of the Lake geosystem. Changes in the chemical budget of the Lake were investigated, which might be driven by man-made pollutant impact. This approach was used for comprehensive studies to evaluate background beogeochemical levels (“base-line levels”) and chemical balance in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Baikal implemented during 1975-2013. Base-line levels of 6 major (Si, Ca, Mg, K, Na, F) and about 50 minor and trace elements (Li, Be,  B, … Pb, Th, U) in the Lake Baikal waterbody were determined by analysing a number of most reliable data reported within 1992-2012 years including results of our own studies. Presented base-line levels of chemical elements in Baikal waters show that in terms of environment geochemistry Lake Baikal is one of the purest water reservoirs on the Earth. 
Most reliable average annual concentrations Cr of three major ions and dissolved forms of 13 metals in riverine waters of the Selenga River and other tributaries were obtained as results of the surveys made in 1974–1983. These values were used to calculate annual riverine inflow Pr of these chemicals to the Lake.
Atmospheric flux of trace elements on the Lake Baikal surface Pa was studied by measuring elements both in dissolved and particulate forms (DF and PF) in snow deposited on the Lake ice cover in the end of winter period (March–April). Average concentrations and annual atmospheric fallout of DF and PF of trace elements to the Baikal Lake were derived from results of field studies in 1976–1983. 
About 30 elements were measured in 10 cm natural sediment cores sampled in 1961–1981 at 37 stations located in all deep-water areas of the Lake. Conclusion was made that the element composition of upper layer of pelit sediments over the Lake is fairly homogeneous all over the Lake bottom. No significant technogenic impact was found on elements content of fine-alevrit sediments in Baikalsk pulp and paper mill (BPPM) discharge area and Selenga delta shoal as compared with element content of deep water sediments. The average value sedimentation rate (dry mass) was used to estimate element mass fluxes from the waterbody to bottom sediments in pelagic Lake areas on the basis of known element composition of pelite silt.
In 1979–1994 contents of more than 20 trace elements were studied in plankton, benthos species (hammaridae, polifera, molluscs), most common food fish and seal. Estimated average element concentrations in aquatic biota were in good agreement with world biogeochemical data on uncontaminated fresh water ecosystems. Estimates of metal flux rates to bottom sediments Pb were calculated using deposition rate of autochtonic organic matter to the Lake sediments.
Atmospheric emissions from the BPPM were studied in 1977–1982 with the objective to determine their loading to deposition of dust (hard particles, HP), SO42-, Cl-, Na+ and trace elements on South Baikal and nearby coastal area. Impact of the BPPM and the Selenginsk paper mill (SPM) sewage discharges on the content of suspended particulate (SP), SO42-, Cl-, Na and trace elements in South Baikal and Selenga waters was studied in 1978–1983. In the early 1980-s BPPM discharges contributed from 0,n% (Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ba, Pb) to 8% (Mn) to annual inflow of dissolved trace elements to the Lake. At the same time major chemicals and trace elements in SPM discharges did not considerably contribute to the Selenga River chemical runoff to the Baikal Lake.
Assessment of current status of the Lake water geochemistry was based on an analysis of the element mass budget in the  Lake water body which serves as a central part of the Lake geosystem. A plane analysis of inflow/outflow components of the budget shows that the outflow parts of the mass budget cannot be reliably evaluated due to lack of data on removing dissolved substances from the Lake water body into bottom sediments through absorption on settling particulate matter.
In part II “Forecast of element baseline levels in Lake water” a simple mass balance model was proposed for assessing possible anthropogenic impact on Baikal water geochemistry. Semiquantative estimations of change trends showed that only for Na+, SO42-, Cl- and Mo growth rate of their average concentrations in the Lake occurred to be respectively 1%, 3%, 7% and 2% in every 10 years. Retrospective assessment proves that the original base levels of mineral components in the Lake still remain undisturbed and represent the natural (“preindustrial”) hydrochemical state of one of the cleanest  Lakes in the world. 
In part III “Eco-geochemical monitoring of the Baikal region environment” we consider projecting ecogeochemical monitoring programs for Lake Baikal geosystem. The general objective of monitoring is an assessment of man-made impact on natural (background, “preindustrial”) levels of chemical substances in geosystem environments. The general task of the Lake waterbody monitoring should be a reliable assessment of inflow and outflow components of the budget of monitored chemical substances in the Lake, first of all, monitoring chemicals with inflow waters and their outflow through deposition to the bottom sediments.
Space-time monitoring programs for the dedicated Lake waterbody compartments are proposed based on predicted rates of the Lake water chemical composition changes. Similar programs are provided for monitoring of chemical substances in tributaries, atmospheric precipitations, bottom sediments, soils, aquatic biota (plankton, mollusks, fish, seal) and terrestrial plant specimens (lichens, conifer needles) indicating atmospheric pollutants.




简介: 
1963: Graduated from the Moscow Institute for Engineering Physics, Faculty of Experimental and Theoretical Physics; profession – engineer-physicist, specialization – nuclear experimental techniques.
1963-1972:  Engineer,…. scientist, Institute of Applied Geophysics (Moscow, Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR): research work on radioactive contamination of the environment.   
1971: Candidate of Science (physics and mathematics); the thesis on a source term of neutron activation products of underground nuclear  explosions.
1972-1980: Senior scientist, the same Institute: investigations and monitoring studies of trace elements and other pollutant chemicals in the Lake Baikal region environments.
1980-1984: Head of the Lab. of Ecological Standards, Institute of Ecological Toxicology (Baikalsk, Irkutsk province of the USSR): research of trace elements and chemical pollutants in Lake Baikal region environments; developing acceptable contamination levels for Lake Baikal water with regard to industrial pollution releases to the Lake.
1984-1986:   Senior Scientist, Laboratory of Environment and Climate Monitoring (Moscow, the State Committee of the USSR on Hydrometeorology and Monitoring the Environment and the Academy of Science of the USSR): methodological studies and developing methods for the national pollution monitoring system.                 
1986-1990:  Head of the Division of Radioecological Monitoring, the same Laboratory: wide-scale studies of radioactive contamination of the environment at the USSR territory following the Chernobyl accident (mapping, migration of radionuclides, prediction models, forecast assessments etc.).
1990-1992:  Invited expert, the Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna, Austria): executive officer, preparing “Guidelines for Agricultural Countermeasures Following an Accidental Release of Radionuclides” (IAEA, Tech. Rep. Ser. #363, Vienna, 1994).
1996: Doctor of Science (Ecological Geochemistry); the thesis: “Trace Elements in Lake Baikal Environments; Rationale for Monitoring Programs”. 
1993-present: Head of the Div. of  Terrotories’ Contamination Studies - Institute of Global Climate & Ecology (Moscow, the Federal Service on Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Environment and the Russian Academy of Science): developing guidelines for national and regional monitoring contamination systems; ecological assessments and expertise of industrial enterprises and projects; radioecology; scientific supervision of the national monitoring system for snow cover chemical composition. 
1999 – 2012: expert, assessment of projects for environmental programs of US AID in Russia.
1995 – present: expert in the IAEA programs on radiological impact assessments and modeling - working groups in VAMP, EMRAS, MODARIA programs.